ABSTRACT
Introducción: Las enfermedades importadas constituyen un problema de salud para el individuo y para la población general. Debido al peligro sanitario que conlleva los viajes internacionales y el riesgo de introducción de enfermedades en la provincia. Objetivo: Caracterizar los viajeros notificados a la COVID-19 con fuente de infección en el extranjero según número reproductivo básico en la provincia Camagüey. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por todos los viajeros notificados con la COVID-19 en la provincia que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: El escenario de intervención del 70 % de los notificados fue los centros de aislamiento para viajeros, predominaron los procedentes de Venezuela y el mes de marzo fue el de mayor incidencia, el 100 % procedían de áreas de transmisión de la enfermedad, el 55 % se encontraban asintomáticos en el momento del diagnóstico y el número reproductivo básico fue menor que uno en los municipios de destino y a nivel provincial. Conclusiones: Los centros de aislamientos para viajeros disminuyó el riesgo de dispersión de la enfermedad en los municipios de destino, los viajeros notificados tenían alta probabilidad de enfermar por proceder de países con transmisión de la enfermedad y los asintomáticos complejizaron el escenario de actuación.
Introduction: The cared illnesses constitute an important problem of health for the individual and for the general population. Due to the sanitary danger that bears the international trips and the risk of introduction of illnesses cared in the county, an investigation was carried out. Objective: To characterize the travelers notified to the COVID-19 with infection source abroad according to basic reproductive number in Camagüey's province. Methods: A observational, descriptive, traverse study was carried out. The study universe was constituted by all the travelers notified with the COVID-19 in the county that fulfilled the inclusion approaches and exclusion. Results: The scenario of intervention of 70% of those notified was the isolation centers for travelers, prevailing those coming from Venezuela and the month of March was that of more incidence, 100% came from areas of transmission of the illness, 55% was asymptomatic in the moment of the diagnosis and the basic reproductive number was smaller than one in the destination municipalities and at provincial level. Conclusions: The centers of isolations for travelers diminished the risk of dispersion of the illness in the destination municipalities, the notified travelers had high probability of making sick to come from countries with transmission of the illness and the asymptomatic ones worsen the performance scenario.
ABSTRACT
Multiple injuries caused by trauma have high rates of disability and mortality and are difficult to treat, which have a negative impact on the patients, their families and the society. At present, the medical model of trauma treatment is still inadequate, and the treatment of trauma patients faces great challenges. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an intelligent technology based on machine learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning algorithm, and it has been applied to the treatment of patients with trauma. Its efficient and accurate computer vision, planning and decision-making, and big data statistical analysis not only improve the safety and efficiency in the treatment of trauma, but also reduce the workload of clinicians, which makes up for the deficiency of the traditional model of trauma care. After screening the recent studies of AI in trauma care, the authors review its application in emergency triage, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of war trauma, in order to introduce the latest research progress of AI in trauma care and provide references for future developments.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In this paper, we present an efficient method to visualize computed tomography (CT) datasets using ambient occlusion, which is a global illumination technique that adds depth cues to the output image. We can change the transfer function (TF) for volume rendering and generate output images in real time. METHODS: In preprocessing, the mean and standard deviation of each local vicinity are calculated. During rendering, the ambient light intensity is calculated. The calculation is accelerated on the assumption that the CT value of the local vicinity of each point follows the normal distribution. We approximate complex TF forms with a smaller number of connected line segments to achieve additional acceleration. Ambient occlusion is combined with the existing local illumination technique to produce images with depth in real time. RESULTS: We tested the proposed method on various CT datasets using hand-drawn TFs. The proposed method enabled real-time rendering that was approximately 40 times faster than the previous method. As a result of comparing the output image quality with that of the conventional method, the average signal-to-noise ratio was approximately 40 dB, and the image quality did not significantly deteriorate. CONCLUSIONS: When rendering CT images with various TFs, the proposed method generated depth-sensing images in real time.
Subject(s)
Acceleration , Computer Systems , Cues , Dataset , Lighting , Mathematical Computing , Methods , Signal-To-Noise RatioABSTRACT
Resumo Introdução: analisar a tendência temporal da incidência de acidentes do trabalho é importante para prognósticos de longo prazo. No entanto, alterações cíclicas e sazonais, como o trabalho informal e a subnotificação dos acidentes, podem influenciar e precisam ser consideradas. O método do filtro Hodrick-Prescott (HP), utilizado para avaliar a dinâmica de variáveis macroeconômicas, pode propiciar análise mais precisa da evolução de variáveis sujeitas a essas flutuações do que métodos usualmente utilizados em epidemiologia, como o de médias móveis (MM). Objetivo: testar o filtro HP como método de extração de tendência da variável "incidência de acidentes de trabalho". Métodos: análise comparativa entre o filtro HP e o método MM para extrair a tendência de longo prazo das variáveis acidente típico, de trajeto, doença do trabalho e total de acidentes no Brasil entre 2008 e 2013. Resultados: ambas metodologias indicaram tendências semelhantes das variáveis ao longo do período. No entanto, a análise da tendência de longo prazo pelo método MM pode ser mais afetada por flutuações de curto prazo. Conclusão: o método HP permite inferir de maneira mais consistente a tendência de médio e longo prazo da variável, o que pode torná-lo mais adequado para a definição e a gestão de políticas públicas.
Abstract Introduction: analyzing the temporal trend of occupational accidents incidence is important for long-term prognostics. However, cyclical and seasonal changes, such as informal work and the underreporting of accidents, can affect it and need to be considered. The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter method, used to assess the dynamics of macroeconomic variables, can provide a more precise analysis of the evolution of variables subject to these fluctuations than methods commonly used in epidemiology, such as that of moving averages (MA). Objective: to test the HP filter as trend extraction method for the variable "incidence of occupational accidents". Methods: comparative analysis between the HP filter and the MA method to extract the long-term trend of the following variables: typical accident, commuting accident, occupational disease, and total accidents in Brazil between 2008 and 2013. Results: both methodologies indicated similar trends of the variables over the period. However, the analysis of the long-term trend by the MA method may be more affected by short-term fluctuations. Conclusion: the HP method allows to more consistently infer the medium-and long-term trend of the variable "incidence of occupational accidents", which can make it more suitable for proposing and managing public policies.
ABSTRACT
Respiratory infections are one of the main health problems worldwide. They are a challenging field of study due to an intricate relationship between the pathogenicity of microbes and the host's defenses. To better understand mechanisms of respiratory infections, different models have been developed. A model is the reproduction of a disease in a system that mimics human pathophysiology. For this reason, the best models should closely resemble real-life conditions. Thus, the human model is the best. However, human models of respiratory infections have some disadvantages that limit their role. Therefore, other models, including animal, in vitro, and mathematical ones, have been developed. We will discuss advantages and limitations of available models and focus on models of viral infections as triggers of asthma exacerbations, viral infections being one of the most frequent causes of exacerbating disease. Future studies should focus on the interrelation of various models.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Asthma , Mathematical Computing , Models, Animal , Models, Theoretical , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Reproduction , Respiratory Tract Infections , VirulenceABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the method of measurement of total scatter calibrate factor (Sc,p). Methods To measure the Sc,p at different depths on central axis of 6?MV, 15?MV photon beams through different ways. Results It was found that the measured data of Sc,p changed with the different depths to a range of 1%～7%. Using the direct method, the Sc,p measured depth should be the same as the depth in dose normalization point of the prescription dose. If the Sc,p ( fsz, d) was measured at the other depths, it could be obtained indirectly by the calculation formula. Conclusions The Sc,p in the prescription dose can be obtained either by the direct measure method or the indirect calculation formula. But emphasis should be laid on the proper measure depth.